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Caledonia et al. 1987
Caledonia, G.E., Person, J.C. and Hastings, D.E. (1987). The interpretation of space shuttle measurements of ionic species. Journal of Geophysical Research 92: doi: 10.1029/JA092iA01p00273. issn: 0148-0227.

Measurements of ionic species made in the space shuttle bay area during low-earth orbit are interpreted within the framework of a kinetic analysis that incorporates shuttle cloud/ambient interactions, flow, and electromagnetic phenomena. This analysis indicates that a pressure of water vapor near the shuttle surface of 10-6 torr is consistent with [H2O+>/[O+> and [H3O+>/[H2O+> ratios of 0.1 and 0.2, respectively, and the latter ratio is within the range of measurements. For CO2 the analysis shows that a [CO2+>/[O+> ratio of 0.01 is consistent with a CO2 pressure near the shuttle of 8¿10-8 torr. For these conditions the dominant formation of ions is by charge exchange from ambient O+ ions, and the dominant loss of ions is by parallel flow along the magnetic field lines. In addition, Monte Carlo calculations of the slowing of the incident O+ ions indicate that charge exchange with H2 molecules occurs before the ions have lost a significant amount of energy when the H2O pressure near the shuttle surface is less than 10-6 to 10-5 torr.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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