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Wong & Goldstein 1987
Wong, H.K. and Goldstein, M.L. (1987). Proton beam generation of whistler waves in the Earth’s foreshock. Journal of Geophysical Research 92: doi: 10.1029/JA080i011p12419. issn: 0148-0227.

We show that proton beams, often observed upstream of the Earth's bow shock and associated with the generation of low-frequency hydromagnetic fluctuations, are also capable of generating whistler waves. The waves can be excited by an instability driven by two-temperature streaming Maxwellian proton distributions which have T/T≫1. It can also be excited by gyrating proton beam distributions. These distributions generate whistler waves with frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 times the proton cyclotron frequency (in the solar wind reference frame) and provide another mechanism for generating the ''1-Hz'' waves often seen in the Earth's foreshock.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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