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Bernhardt et al. 1993
Bernhardt, P.A., Huba, J.D., Pongratz, M.B., Simons, D.J. and Wolcott, J.H. (1993). Plasma irregularities caused by cycloid bunching of the CRRES G-2 barium release. Journal of Geophysical Research 98: doi: 10.1029/92JA00987. issn: 0148-0227.

The Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) spacecraft carried a number of barium thermite canisters for release into the upper atmosphere. The barium release labled G-2 showed evidence of curved irregularities not aligned with the ambient magnetic field B. The newly discovered curved structures can be explained by a process called cycloid bunching. Cycloid bunching occurs when plasma is created by photoionization of a neutral cloud injected at high velocity perpendicular to B. If the injection velocity is much larger than the expansion speed of the cloud, the ion trail will form a cycloid that has irregularities spaced by the product of the perpendicular injection speed and the ion gyroperiod. Images of the solar-illuminated barium ions are compared with the results of a three-dimensional kinetic simulation. Cycloid bunching is shown to be responsible for the rapid generation of both curved and field-aligned irregularities in the CRRES G-2 experiment. ¿American Geophysical Union 1993

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Abstract

Keywords
Ionosphere, Active experiments, Ionosphere, Ionospheric irregularities, Magnetospheric Physics, Plasma waves and instabilities
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
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Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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