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Alvarez & de Paiva 1979
Alvarez, R. and de Paiva, J.A.C. (1979). Dielectric relaxations of coal and conductive impurities. Journal of Geophysical Research 84: doi: 10.1029/JB084iB06p03049. issn: 0148-0227.

Bituminous coal mixed with pyrite and water impurities yields dielectric relaxations of the Davidson-Cole type. Measurements were made on mixtures ranging from 100% coal to 50% coal-50% pyrite in the frequency range of 30 Hz to 100 kHz. Wet samples consisted of one of the above mixtures (20 g) plus 1 g of water. Mixtures with water and 40--50% pyrite suggest relaxations of the Debye type. Interconnections between pyrite grains dispersed on coal give rise to conducting needles which are in part responsible for the observed dispersions. The mixtures analyzed herein varied in a dc conductivity range of 6 decades, from 10-11 to 10-5 (ohm m)-1, suggesting that various types of coal combined with small amounts of impurities can yield the full, 12-decade range of conductivity variation determined for coal elsewhere.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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