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Whitehead 1985
Whitehead, J.A. (1985). A laboratory study of Gyres and uplift near the strait of gibraltar. Journal of Geophysical Research 90: doi: 10.1029/JC080i010p07045. issn: 0148-0227.

Laboratory experiments were conducted in which a rotating basin of stratified salty water in a field of gravity with a free surface was connected to a basin of fresh water by a narrow, shallow channel. The resulting density-driven flow in the channel consisted of two currents: a freshwater flow at the top from the fresh basin to the salty basin and a saltwater flow at the bottom in the opposite direction. It models the flow in the Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the saltier Mediterranean Sea. Selective withdrawal of deep water up to and over the sill depth is observed in the stratified salty (Mediterranean) basin. The governing dimensionless numbers are the ratio of the Rossby radius of deformation within the strait to the width of the strait and the ratio of Rossby radius in the stratified (Med.) water to Rossby radius of deformation within the strait. The experiments were deliberately scaled to correspond to the parameters of the real Mediterranean/Gibraltar region or not as we wished. With the most correct parameters the water at a depth corresponding to 700 m in the Mediterranean was selectively withdrawn up to sill depth and out of the salty basin, the water at a depth corresponding to 900 m was not. With double the correctly scaled stratification the water at depth corresponding to 500 m was drawn out, and the water at a depth corresponding to 700 m was not. With no stratification, water of a depth corresponding to 1200 m was drawn out. The results are qualitatively consistent with the ideas of Stommel et al. (1973) that water at great depth in the Mediterranean is drawn up and out at the Strait of Gibraltar, although quantitatively the scaled experimental depths of withdrawal are not as great. There are some indications that the gyre of Atlantic water corresponding to the Alboran Sea gyre may enhance the selective withdrawal process, but the mechanism is unclear.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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