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Schmitz & Holland 1986
Schmitz, W.J. and Holland, W.R. (1986). Observed and modeled mesoscale variability near the gulf stream and kuroshio extension. Journal of Geophysical Research 91: doi: 10.1029/JC091iC08p09624. issn: 0148-0227.

Our earliest intercomparisons between western North Atlantic data and eddy-resolving two-layer guasi-geostrophic symmetric-double-gyre steady wind-forced numerical model results focused on the amplitudes and largest horizontal scales in patterns of eddy kinetic energy, primarily abyssal. Here, intercomparisons are extended to recent eight-layer model runs and new data which allow expansion of the investigation to the Kuroshio Extension and throughout much of the water column. Two numerical experiments are shown to have realistic zonal, vertical, and temporal eddy scales in the vincinity of the Kuroshio Extension in one case and the Gulf Stream in the other. Model zonal mean speeds are larger than observed, but vertical shears are in general agreement with the data. A longitudinal displacement between the maximum intensity in surface an abyssal eddy fields as observed for the North Atlantic is not found in the model results. The numerical simulations examined are highly idealized, notably with respect to basin shape, topography, wind-forcing, and of course dissipation. Therefore the zero-order agreement between modeled and observed basic characteristics of mid-latitude jets and their associated eddy fields suggests that such properties are predominantly determined by the physical mechanisms which dominate the models, where the fluctuations are the result of instability processes. The comparatively high vertical resolution of the model is needed to compare with new higher-resolution data as well as for dynamical reasons, although the precise number of layers required either kinematically or dynamically (or numerically) has not been determined; we estimate four to six when no attempt is made to account for bottom-or-near-surface-intensified phenomena.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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