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Garfield & Evans 1987
Garfield, N. and Evans, D.L. (1987). Shelf water entrainment by Gulf Stream warm-core rings. Journal of Geophysical Research 92: doi: 10.1029/JC080i012p13003. issn: 0148-0227.

Examination of 7 years of satellite advanced very high resolution radiometer imagery demonstrates that shelf water removal by entrainment adjacent to warm-core rings is a common phenomenon, representing an important process for shelf water budgets. South of Georges Bank, streamer entrainment occurred 69¿20% of the time. In addition, 9¿6% of the time more than one streamer was active. The data show little mean seasonal variability but large interannual variability in streamer occurrence. Most of the variability is related to the passage of warm-core rings south of Georges Bank. An instantaneous streamer transport value of 2.5¿105 m3 s-1 was determined from ship-tracked drogues and hydrographic data. Reducing this value to 70% gives an estimated mean annual shelf water removal by streamer entrainment of 1.8¿105 m3 s-1 (5700 km3 yr-1) for this segment of the shelf. A balanced Gulf of Main transport budget can not be obtained when this value is compiled with transport across the other boundaries of the gulf; instead a net export of 16¿104 m3 s-1 of water results. This lack of a balance emphasizes the uncertainty of the existing transport measurements. The fate of streamers includes incorporation into the warm-core ring and detrainment from the ring with either the formation of cold cyclonic rings in the slope water or entrainment into the northern edge of the Gulf Stream. In addition to streamer entrainment, the satellite imagery reveals that a number of different phenomena are occurring which move shelf water across the shelf-slope front. In 86¿13% of the images, some type of offshore transport is observed. ¿ American Geophysical Union 1987

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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