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Thomas 1984
Thomas, R.W.L. (1984). Solar reflection from interacting and shadowing cloud elements. Journal of Geophysical Research 89: doi: 10.1029/JD089iD05p07179. issn: 0148-0227.

The parameterization of solar reflection from clouds used in climate and general circulation models is based on radiative transfer theory appropriate for plane parallel clouds. We have attempted to relate the reflection from a broken cloud field to that from a plane parallel cloud of the same optical properties by using Monte Carlo simulations for a very simple model of array of regularly spaced, infinitely long bar clouds. Reflection from the array is represented by an effective cloud fraction, and it is shown that for many cases this may be obtained by treating the cloud elements to be noninteracting azimuthally symmetric reflectors. The effective cloud fraction is a function of solar zenith angle, the aspect ratio of the individual cloud elements, and the normal or zenith cloud fraction of the array. Model computations for reflection from an array of randomly distributed identical cylinders are also presented as an example of a possible application of this technique.

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Journal of Geophysical Research
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American Geophysical Union
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