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Marshall & Rust 1991
Marshall, T.C. and Rust, W.D. (1991). Electric field soundings through thunderstorms. Journal of Geophysical Research 96: doi: 10.1029/91JD02486. issn: 0148-0227.

We report on 12 balloon soundings of the electric field in thunderstorms. The maximum magnitude of E in the storms averaged 96¿28 kV/m, with the largest being 146 kV/m. The maximum was usually observed between vertically adjacent regions of opposite charge. Using a one-dimensional approximation to Gauss's law, we infer four to ten charge regions in the storms. The magntiude of the density in the charge regions varied between 0.2 and 13 nC/m3. The vertical extent of the charge regions ranged from 130 to 2100 m. None of our 12 storms had charge distributions that fit the long-accepted model of Simpson and colleagues of a lower positive charge, main negative charge, and an upper positive charge. In addition to regions similar to the Simpson model our storms had screening layers at the upper and lower cloud boundaries and extra charge regions, usually in the lower part of the cloud. ¿American Geophysical Union 1991

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Keywords
Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Atmospheric electricity, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Precipitation, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Lightning, Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics, Mesoscale meteorology
Journal
Journal of Geophysical Research
http://www.agu.org/journals/jb/
Publisher
American Geophysical Union
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