In the western Alpine system, Neogene extensional tectonics triggered the development of marine basins on the concave side of tight orogenic arcs, as happened within the Alboran Crustal Domain, the hinterland of the Gibraltar Arc. A detailed analysis of the structural and metamorphic records of one of the main Alboran Domain complexes, however, plainly reveals a complex tectonic evolution prior to the development of the Miocene arc/back arc system, which includes a major intraorogenic extensional event. This large-scale subvertical shortening, that can be assessed from the PT paths of representative tectonic units, was subsequent to the continental crust subduction inferred from high pressure-low temperature mineral assemblages. The crustal section was thinned in nearly isothermal conditions, its thickness being reduced to at least 1/3 of the initial value. Yet still before the Miocene, a second contractional event led to the overthrusting of high-grade metamorphic rocks over other low-grade rocks, accompanied by subordinate overturning of the metamorphic zones. Since migration of the Gibraltar Arc is roughly balanced by crustal spreading in the back arc, available data concerning Miocene extension suggest that the Alboran Domain can be restored to its appropriate position several hundred kilometers to the east. Thus a collision belt that underwent significant intraorogenic extension must have existed in what is now the western South-Balearic basin.¿ 1997 American Geophysical Union