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Detailed Reference Information
Marshall & Stone 1977
Marshall, F.E. and Stone, E.C. (1977). Persistent Sunward Flow of ~1.6 MeV Protons at 1 AU. Geophysical Research Letters 4: doi: 10.1029/GL004i001p00057. issn: 0094-8276.

It has been found that except during the onset of prompt solar particle events the diffusive flow of 1.3 to 2.3 MeV protons at 1 AU is predominantly sunward. The anisotropy of the proton intensity has been measured with the Caltech Electron/Isotope Spectrometer aboard IMP-7 for periods between prompt solar particle events from 72/273 to 74/2. The diffusive anisotropy, which has been determined by subtracting the independently determined convective anisotropy from the observed anisotropy, is predominantly directed toward the sun with a mean radial component of 14%. This sunward diffusion is typical of intensities from 0.012 to 1.2 (cm2 sec sr MeV)-1 for 1.3-2.3 MeV protons and indicates that a positive radial gradient is characteristic of these modestly enhanced fluxes. The direction of the flow is opposite to that which would be produced by previously proposed models which involve a continuous solar source for the observed particles. Asteady-state propagation model which includes adiabatic energy loss with particle injection beyond 1 AU produces the average observed anisotropy for &kgr;rr~4¿1020 cm2 sec-1.

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Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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