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Torr & Torr 1979
Torr, M.R. and Torr, D.G. (1979). Energetic oxygen: A direct coupling mechanism between the magnetosphere and thermosphere. Geophysical Research Letters 6. doi: 10.1029/GL006i009p00700. issn: 0094-8276.

This study investigates the effects of the precipitation of energetic O+ ions (0.7--12 keV) into the atmosphere during magnetic storms. The energetic O+ ion flux produces a splash of lower energy neutral oxygen atoms at the top of the atmosphere. As a result of the photo-ionization and charge exchange with H+ ions in the plasmasphere, these backscattered atoms produce a low energy O+ flux that is more than 10 times larger in magnitude than the original energetic O+ flux. The energetic O+ events thus provide a potential source mechanism for the lower energy (≲30 eV) O+ ions observed in the plasmasphere. We also suggest that the energetic ion events may be self-sustaining in that some of the ionized 'splash' particles (≲10%) are subsequently accelerated by an as yet unidentified mechanism to the higher observed energies. We find that 96% of the incoming energy is transferred to the neutral atmosphere in the form of heating. Measured fluxes indicate heating rates as high as ~0.4 ergs cm-2 sec-1 ster-1.

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Journal
Geophysical Research Letters
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American Geophysical Union
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